Fig. 4

Controlled pulsed fed-batch fermentation of U. maydis MB215 ∆cyp3 ∆P_ria1::P_etef ∆fuz7 P_etefmttA in the presence of CaCO₃. a Growth (filled triangle), and glucose concentration (filled square) and b: concentration of itaconate (filled inverted triangle), malate (open inverted triangle), and pH (continuous line) during a single representative bioreactor cultivation in batch medium with a starting concentration of 50 g L⁻¹ glucose and 1.6 g L⁻¹ NH₄Cl. pH was kept above 6.2 by manual addition of CaCO₃. Feeding schemes of glucose and CaCO₃ are listed in Additional file 1: Table S1