Table 6 Summary of upgrading three biocrudes via two approaches

Biocrude—oxygen content (%) (dry)

35.6

16.5

14.5

Biocrude—kg wood/l biocrude

1.88

6.55

3.05

Biocrude—kg wood/MJ biocrude

0.087

0.203

0.085

Total yield of biocrude and upgrading (wt%)

23

19

12

11

26

27

Potential emission reduction refined biocrude (%)

− 2.9

− 74.3

2.6

− 57.7

− 5.4

− 51.0

Yield—kg wood/l refined biocrude

4.14

5.08

8.19

8.58

3.27

3.63

Hydrogen consumption kg/l refined biocrude

0.180

0.163

0.115

0.091

0.07

0.101

Remaining oxygen in refined biocrude wt%

0.3

1.08

1.18

< 0.01

2.42

0.13

Higher heating value (HHV) refined biocrude (MJ/l)

37.72

37.46

38.39

35.57

36.24

39.40

Jet fraction (%)

20.0

24.7

32.8

36.6

29.8

22.9