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Fig. 5 | Biotechnology for Biofuels

Fig. 5

From: Time-resolved carotenoid profiling and transcriptomic analysis reveal mechanism of carotenogenesis for astaxanthin synthesis in the oleaginous green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis

Fig. 5

Transcriptional response of carotenogenesis of C. zofingiensis to ND. The heat map right before gene IDs illustrates log2(fold change) values of transcripts relative to 0 h of ND. Significant difference (absolute log2(fold change) value > 1 and FDR adjusted p < 0.05; n = 3) is indicated with an asterisk. Time refers to the duration of ND. Arrows in red, blue, and black indicate transcriptional up-, down-, and non-regulated steps, respectively. For proteins encoded by multiple copies of genes, the changes in total transcripts of the isogenes were employed for determining the overall regulation pattern. The genes in gray designate that they are not found in C. zofingiensis. AACT acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, AAT long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase, BKT beta-carotenoid ketolase, CDP-ME 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol, CDP-MEP 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2-phosphate, CHYb beta-carotenoid hydroxylase, CMK 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase, CMS 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, CRTISO carotenoid isomerase, CYP97A cytochrome P450 beta hydroxylase, CYP97C cytochrome P450 epsilon hydroxylase, DMAPP dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DXR 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, DXP 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate, DXS 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, FPP farnesyl diphosphate, FPPS farnesyl diphosphate synthase, GAP glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, GGPP geranylgeranyl diphosphate, GGPPS geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, GPP geranyl diphosphate, GPPS geranyl diphosphate synthase, HCR HMG-CoA reductase, HCS hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, HDR 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase, HDS, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase, HGM-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, HMB-PP (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl pyrophosphate, IPP isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPPI isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase, LCYb lycopene beta cyclase, LCYe lycopene epsilon cyclase, MCS 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, MEcPP 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, MEP 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate, MK mevalonate-5-kinase, MPK phosphomevalonate kinase, MPPD mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase, NXS neoxanthin synthase, PDS phytoene desaturase, PSY phytoene synthase, VDE violaxanthin de-epoxidase, ZDS zeta-carotene desaturase, ZEP zeaxanthin epoxidase, ZISO zeta-carotene isomerase. Compounds are highlighted with different colors: red, significantly higher; black, not significantly changed; gray, not determined; blue, significantly lower upon salinity stress. See Additional file 4: Data S3 for the details of gene transcripts

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