| MEP | MVA | IPP/DMAPP to primary carotenoids | β-carotenoid to astaxanthin | Referencesa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. zofingiensis | |||||
 Nitrogen deprivation | Up: MCS Down: DXR | Up: AACT, HCS Down: no | Up: LCYb Down: PDS, ZDS, LCYe, CYP97A, CYP97C, VDE | Up: CHYb, BKT1, BKT2, AAT Down: no | This study |
 High light | Up: no Down: no | Up: no Down: no | Up: no Down: ZDS, LCYe | Up: BKT1, BKT2, AAT Down: no | [26] |
 Glucose induction | Up: DXS, HDR Down: CMK | Up: IPPI Down: AACT | Up: LCYb Down: PDS, ZISO, CRTISO, LCYe, CYP97A, CYP97C, ZEP, VDE, NXS | Up: CHYb, BKT1 Down: BKT2 | [28] |
H. pluvialis | |||||
 High light | Up: DXS, DXR, HDS, HDR Down: no | Up: HCS Down: no | Up: GGPPS, PSY, PDS, ZDS, LCYb Down: no | Up: CHYb, BKT Down: no | [36] |
 High light plus nitrogen deprivation | Up: DXS, DXR, MCT, HDS, HDR Down: no | Up: no Down: no | Up: GGPPS, PSY, PDS, ZDS, LCYb Down: LCYe, CYP97C | Up: CHYb, BKT Down: no | [37] |