Table 3 Selected steam pretreatment results using various lignocellulosic materials
Biomass | Catalyst/procedure | T, °C | t, min | Main product(s) | Yield(s) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpine hay | No catalyst | 160–220 | 5–15 | Glucose, biogas | Glucose: 90% Biogas: 469 LN | [67] |
Poplar wood | Mechanical refining + STEX Neutral sulphonation | 210 | 5 | Carbohydrates Sulphonated lignin | Carbohydrates: 81% | [68] |
Hybrid poplar | 4.5% (w/w) SO2 | 195 | 4.5 | Ethanol prod. for evaluation of modified lignin content | 15% improvement in ethanol for low-lignin content breeds | [12] |
Sugar cane bagasse | Pre-soaking in reverse osmosis water | 185–215 | 10–15 | 16 g/100 g DM (whole slurry) | Max combined carbohydrate yield: 65% | [69] |
Corn cob | 0.5% H2SO4 (12 h) | 180 | 10 | Lignin | 57.3% (purity 99%) | [70] |
Wheat straw | 1% acetic acid | 190 | 10 | Ethanol | 0.32 g/g (of glucose and xylose) | [71] |
Agave bagasse | No catalyst | 142–179 | 2.8–22 | Biogas | BM: 0.290 LN gCOD −1 | [72] |
Rice straw | Moisture content 0–70% | 160–205 | 1–10 | Biogas | Increase in production rates up 2.4 time untreated straw | [73] |
Switchgrass | Hydrated with water to 30% DM | 170–200 | 5–15 | Glucose | After EH: 88.3% | [74] |
Sesame seed | Soaked in water (12 h) | 212 (2 MPa) 180 (1 MPa) | 10 s 30 s | Lipid extraction | 45% (treated) 38% (untreated) | [75] |
Barley straw | No catalyst | 180 | 30 | Ethanol | 50 g L−1 (99% cellulose recovery; 82% hemicelluloses after STEX) | [76] |
Wheat straw/corn stover (mixed) | Soaking 0.2% H2SO4 | 190 | 5 | Ethanol | > 50 g L−1 Overall yield 74–78% | [77] |