Table 6 A selection of fractionation methods for of various lignocellulosic materials utilising ionic liquids

Bleached birch kraft pulp

[Emim][OAc]

[Emim][DMP]

[Emim][Cl]

[mDBN][DMP]

[DBN][OAc]

[DBN][EtCOOH]

3

60

Pulp

2.37^a; 2.40^b

1.28^a; 1.44^b

1.99^a; 1.35^b

3.56^a; 2.82^b

6.56^a; 1.18^b

6.94^a; 4.35^b

[139]

Switchgrass

[C₂mim][OAc]

[FurEt2NH][H₂PO₄]^c

[VanEt2NH][H₂PO₄]

[p-AnisEt2NH][H₂PO₄]

Glucose

Xylose

90–95

70–75

[164]

Oak sawdust

Spruce sawdust

Cotton fibre

[C₂mim][OAc]

40 min

110

Glucose

67–79

66–73

[153]

Southern yellow pine

[C₂mim][OAc]

Holocellulose/lignin

59/31

[145]

a) Triticale

b) Wheat straw

c) Flax shives

1. [Emim][OAc]

2. [Bmim][Cl]

3. DMEAF

4. DMEAA

5. DMEAG

6. DMEAS

0.5–24

70–150

Lignin

Glucose

For a) & 1:

Lignin: 52.7%

Glucose: >95

[161]

Pine

1. [HBim][HSO₄]

2. [TEA][HSO₄]

3. [DMBA[HSO₄]

0.5–8

120–170

Lignin

Glucose

For 3:

Lignin: 70

Glucose: 75%

[165]

Rice straw

1. [C₂mim][Cl]

2. [C₂mim][Cl/water]

3. [C₂mim][Cl/K₂CO₃]

1

110

Lignin

Glucose

For 3:

Lignin: 93.7

Glucose: 92.1

[148]

Cotton-based waste textiles

[Amim][Cl]

0.5–150

90–130

Bacterial cellulose

10.8 g L⁻¹ of nano-cellulose fibres

[143]

Wheat straw

[Emim][DEP]

10–120 min

25–150

Reducing sugars (RS)

RS: 54.8 g g DM⁻¹

[@130°, 30 min)

[166]