Table 7 A selection of DESs utilised for biomass fractionation

Lettuce leaves

ChCl:glycerol

3–16

80–150

Bio-butanol

Glucose: 94.9%; xylose: 75% @150°, 16 h

[176]

Corn stover

1. ChCl:formic acid

2. ChCl:urea

3. ChCl:glycerol

4. ChCl:acetic acid

5. ChCL:oxalic acid

6. ChCl:malonic acid

7. ChCl:citric acid

0.5–3

90–130

Bio-butanol

For 1:

Glucose: 99% (17 g L⁻¹)

Butanol: 5.6 g L⁻¹ (0.17 g g⁻¹ sugar)

[177]

Willow

1. ChCl:lactic acid

2. ChCl:glycerol

3. ChCl:urea

6–42

90–120

Lignin

For 1:

Purity: 94.5%

Yield: 91.8%

[173]

Switchgrass

1. GH-PG-PTSA^a

2. GH-EG-PTSA^a

3. GH-GLY-PTSA^a

4. ChCl-PG-PTSA^a

5. ChCl-EG-PTSA^a

6. ChCl-GLY-PTSA^a

7. GH-Eg-PTSA^b

8. ChClEG-PTSA^b

9. GH-EG-PTSA^c

10. ChCl-EG-PTSA^c

0.1

Fractionation:

Cellulose

Xylan

Lignin

Highest removal for 2:

Cellulose: 0.70

Xylan: 79.4

Lignin: 82.1

@6 min, 120 °C

[172]

Corncob

1. ChCl:glycerol

2. ChCl:lactic acid

3. ChCl:glycolic acid

4. ChCl:levulinic acid

5. ChCl:malonic acid

6. CHCl:glutaric acid

7. ChCl:oxalic acid

8. ChCl:ethylene glycol

9. ChCl:glycerol

24

90

Lignin

Glucose

For 1:

Lignin: 71.3%

Glucose: 96.4%

(after EH)

[178]

Potato peels

1. ChCl:glycerol

2. ChCl:ethylene glycol

3

60–150

Lignin

Glucose

For 1:

Removal of lignin: 33%

Glucose yield: 0.80 g/g glucan

@150 °C

[179]

Apple residues

1. ChCl:glycerol

2. ChCl:ethylene glycol

3

60–150

Lignin

Glucose

For 1:

Removal of lignin: 62%

Glucose yield: 0.95 g/g glucan

@150 °C

[179]

Rice straw

1. ChCl:malic acid

2. ChCl:citric acid

3. ChCl:tartaric acid

4. ChCl:lactic acid

5. ChCl:oxalic acid

6. ChCl:malonic acid

7. ChCl:ethylene glycol

8. ChCl:1,2 propane diol

9: ChCl:urea

10. ChCl:glycerol

0.5–12

60–121

Lignin

Glucose

Ethanol

For 4:

Lignin removal: 57.2%

10. Glucose yield: 87.1%

10. Ethanol yield: 89.5%

[180]

Spruce saw dust

1. ChCl:boric acid

2. ChCl:glycerol

3. Betaine:glycerol

24

80

Glucose

< 20% after EH

[181]