Fermentation process | Strain | Substrates | Yield (g/g) | Productivity (g/L/h) | Titer of ABE (g/L) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Batch fermentation | C. beijerinckii P260 | Barley straw | 0.43 | 0.39 | 26.46 | [239] |
C. beijerinckii BA101 | Corn fibers | 0.36–0.39 | 0.10 | 9.3 | [33] | |
Fed-batch fermentation | C. beijerinckii P260 | Wheat straw | – | 0.36 | 16.59 | [240] |
C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1–4 | Synthetic medium with butyric acid | 0.49 | 0.42 | 16.0 | [241] | |
Continuous fermentation | ||||||
 (i) Free cell continuous fermentation | C. saccharobutylicum DSM 13864 | Sago starch | 0.29 | 0.85 | 9.1 | [242] |
C. beijerinckii BA101 | Degermed corn | – | 0.29–0.30 | 14.28 | [194] | |
 (ii) Immobilized cells continuous fermentation | C. acetobutylicum ATCC 55025 | Corn | 0.42 | 4.6 | 12.5 | [243] |
C. beijerinckii BA101 | Synthetic medium | 0.36 | 12.43 | 8.8 | [244] | |
 (iii) Cell recycling and bleeding | C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N14 | Synthetic medium | – | 11.0 | 8.58 | [245] |
C. acetobutylicum BKM19 | Clostridial growth medium (CGM) | 0.34 | 21.1 | 23.5 | [195] | |
In situ product recovery | ||||||
 (i) Adsorption process | ||||||
  Fed-batch fermentation | C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 | Glucose | 0.22 | 0.45 |  54.6 | [246] |
 (ii) Pervaporation process | ||||||
  Batch fermentation | C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 | Glucose | 0.38 | 0.76 |  201.8 | [247] |
 (iii) Gas stripping process | ||||||
  Batch fermentation | C. acetobutylicum JB200 | Cassava bagasse hydrolysate | 0.23 | 0.32 | 108.5 | [248] |
  Batch fermentation | C. beijerinckii BA101 | Glucose | 0.47 | 0.61 | 75.9 | [249] |
  Fed-batch fermentation | C. beijerinckii BA101 | Glucose | 0.47 | 1.16 | 233 | [138] |