Table 1 Bioproduction of 5-ALA by engineered strains via C4 biosynthetic pathway from different substrates

E. coli

 Overexpression of hemA from R. sphaeroides

Succinate, glycine

[21]

 Overexpression of hemA from R. palustris KUGB306

Glucose, succinate, glycine

[23]

 Overexpression of hemA from R. sphaeroides 2.4.1

Glucose, succinate, glycine

[22]

 Overexpression of hemA from Agrobacterium radiobacter zju-0121

Glucose, succinate, glycine, xylose

[24]

 Overexpression of hemO from R. palustris ATCC 17001

Glucose, succinate, glycine

[25]

 Overexpression of hemA from A. radiobacter zju-0121, short-term dissolved oxygen shock

Glucose, succinate, glycine

[33]

 Overexpression of hemA from R. capsulatus

Glycerol, succinate, glycine

[26]

 Overexpression of hemA from R. capsulatus, pathway optimization for CoA and precursor biosynthesis, downregulation of hemB

Glucose

[29]

C. glutamicum

 Overexpression of hemA from R. sphaeroides, native ppc and rhtA from E. coli, deletion of ldhA, pqo, cat, pta, ackA and pbp1b

Glucose, glycine

[28]

 Overexpression of hemA from R. capsulatus SB1003, deletion of sucCD

Glucose, glycine

[27]

 Overexpression of hemA from R. capsulatus SB1003 and rhtA from E. coli, deletion of sucCD

Glucose, glycine

14.7^a

0.92^a

 Moderate overexpression of hemA from R. palustris ATCC 17,001 and native ppc to balance 5-ALA biosynthetic and anaplerotic pathways

Glucose, glycine

This study

Cassava bagasse hydrolysate, glycine