From: Modeling ethanol production through gas fermentation: a biothermodynamics and mass transfer-based hybrid model for microbial growth in a large-scale bubble column bioreactor
Substance
Concentration, mol L−1
Fixed values
 H+ ions
1.0 × 10−7 [64]
 NH4+ ions
1.0 × 10−1 [79]a
 Ethanol
9.8 × 10−1
Ranges of valuesb
 CO
1 × 10−8–1 × 10−3
 H2
 CO2
1 × 10−6–1 × 10−1