Fig. 1From: Enzymatic conversion reactions of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to bio-based 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) with air: mechanisms, pathways and synthesis selectivitySchematic representation of oxidation routes of HMF to FDCA by different enzymes (E). Examples of enzymes for E1, E2 and E3 were taken from literature [11,12,13,14]. AAO aryl-alcohol oxidase, HMFO HMF oxidase, UPO unspecific fungal peroxidase, Lac laccaseBack to article page