Fig. 4

Proposed metabolic steps for the synthesis of isoprenoid-derived nutraceuticals (blue), flavors/fragrances/cosmetics (black), biofuel (red) and polymer (green). a Biosynthesis of selected isoprenoids from GPP. b Biosynthesis of selected isoprenoids from FPP. c Biosynthesis of selected isoprenoids from GGPP. GES, geraniol synthase; LMS, limonene synthase; L3H, limonene 3-hydroxylase; ISPD, isopiperitenol dehydrogenase; ISPR, isopiperitenone reductase; ISPI, isopulegone isomerase; PR, pulegone reductase; MR, menthone reductase (MR). BIS, bisabolene synthases; SQS, squalene synthase; SSL, squalene synthase-like enzyme; CPT, cis-prenyltransferase; GGR, geranylgeranyl reductase; VTE2, homogentisate phytyl transferase (HPT); VTE1, tocopherol cyclase (TC); VTE4, γ-tocopherol methyl transferase (γ-TMT); VTE3, 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol methyl transferase; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; Z-ISO, ζ-carotene isomerase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; LCTb, lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb); BKT, β-carotene ketolase; LCYe, lycopene ε-cyclase; ent-CPS, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase; KS, kaurene synthase; KAO, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase; KO, ent-kaurene oxidase; CPS, copalyl diphosphate synthase; KSL, kaurene synthase-like enzyme; HGA, homogentisate; DMBQ, 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol; DMPBQ, 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol