Pathway | Enzyme name | Enzyme abbreviation | Gene name | Specific constant kcat/Km (s−1 M−1) [substrat] | Microbial origin | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pentose oxido-reductive pathway | d-Xylose reductase | XR | XYL1 xyrA | na na | P. stipitis A. niger | [32] |
Xylitol dehydrogenase | XDH | xdh1 XYL2 | na na | Filamentous fungi S. cerevisiae | [136] [137] | |
d-Xylulokinase | XK | xylB | 879 103 [xylulose] | E. coli | [138] | |
XKS1 xkiA XYL3 | na | S. cerevisiae Aspergillus niger Pichia stipitis | [139] [140] [141] | |||
l-Arabinose reductase | AR | XYL1 larA | na na | T. reesei Aspergilus niger | [32] [142] | |
l-Arabitol 4-dehydrogenase | ARDH | ladA | na | Filamentous fungi* | ||
l-Xylulose reductase (NADPH) l-Xylulose reductase (NADH) | lXR | lrx3 lxrA ALX1 | 712 [l-xylulose] 47,103 [l-xylulose] na | T. reesei Aspergillus niger Ambrosiozyma monospora | [144] [145] [146] | |
d-Arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase/ribulose reductase | RIR | ARD | na | Pichia stipitis Candida tropicalis | [33] [147] | |
d-Ribulokinase | RIK | YDR109c | 80 103 [D-ribulose] | S.cerevisiae, | [148] | |
Isomerase pathway | Xylose isomerase | XI | xylA | na | E. coli | [149] |
d-Xylulokinase | XK | xylB | 879 103 [xylulose] | E. coli | [138] | |
l-Arabinose isomerasz | AI | araA | na | E. coli | [150] | |
l-Ribulokinase | RKI | araB | na | E. coli | ||
l-Xylulokinase | XKI | xylK | na | E. coli | [108] | |
l-Ribulose-5-P 3-epimerase | UlaE | ulaE | na | E. coli | [153] | |
l-Ribulose 5-P 4-epimerase | RPE | araD | na | E. coli | [154] | |
Non-phosphorylative pathway | d-Xylose dehydrogenase | XylDH | xylB xylB HVO_B0028 | 104 [D-Xylose] 157,103 [xylose] | Caulobacter crescenti S.solfataricus H. vulcanii | |
d-Xylonate lactonase | XAL | xylC | na na | C.crescenti H.volcanii | ||
d-Xylonate dehydratase | XAD | xylD HVO B0038A yagE/yjhG | 40 103 [D-xylonate) 4 103 (D-Xylonate) | C. crescenti H.volcanii Escherichia coli | ||
l-Arabinose 1-dehydrogenase | AraDH | araA | 32.3 103[l-arabinose] | B. multivorans | [81] | |
l-Arabinolactonase | AraL | araL | na | B. multivorans, S. solfataricus | [81] | |
l-Arabinonate dehydratase | AraD | araC | 83 [l-arabinonate] | B.multivorans S. solfataricus | [81] [156] | |
2-Keto-3-deoxy-d-xylonate dehydratase | KdxD | xylX | 260 [2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentanoate] 530 [2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentanoate] | C. crescenti B. xenovorans | ||
2-Keto-3-deoxy-l-arabinonate dehydratase | KdaD | araD | 23 [2-keto-3-deoxy-l-arabinonate] | B. xenovorans | [81] | |
2-Ketoglutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | KGSADH | xylA ycbD HV0_B0039 | 4.6 105 [α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde] | A. brasilense C. crescenti S. solfataricus H. valcanii | ||
2-Keto-3-deoxy-D/l-pentanoate aldolase | KDPA | kdxA yagE/yjhH | 450 [2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentanoate] 7000 [pyruvate] | S. solfataricus Escherichia coli |