Fig. 1

Bioinformatics analysis of AA9 LPMOs of C. thermophilum DSM 1495. a Domain distributions of AA9 LPMOs. The figure shows the schematic of the arrangement of domains in each AA9 LPMO. b Phylogenetic tree of AA9 LPMOs. LPMO1, LPMO2 and LPMO3 are shown in blue, red and orange, respectively. Labels of AA9 LPMOs from C. thermophilum are bold, and the other labels are not bold. The sequences of the AA9 catalytic domains in XP_006693659.1 and XP_006697458.1 are too short to align, so they were deleted in the phylogenetic tree. c The substrate-binding surface and its conserved residues in the modeled structures of the AA9 subfamily. This figure shows a top view of structurally aligned and superimposed AA9 LPMOs grouped according to the clusters defined in b. Residues protruding from the surface are shown as sticks and labeled. Three regions (depicted by black, red and yellow arrows) define the immediate environment of the catalytic center, and the region of yellow arrow is the loop3 (L3, the loop between β-strands 3 and 4). Additional conspicuous surface residues more remote from the catalytic centers appear in the yellow-shaded areas that are formed by additional residues in the loop2 (L2, the loop between β-strands 1 and 2) region (only in LPMO3) and/or the LS/LC loops (LS, loop short; LC, long C-terminal loop)