Table 2 Physico-chemical characteristic and the annual processing cost of pinecones
From: Physico-chemical assessment of torrefied Eurasian pinecones
Torrefaction time (min.) | T (°C) | F.C (%) | Ash content (%) | V.M (%) | Energy density (GJ m−3) | Chemical exergy ε (MJ kg−1) | Mass input (g) | Mass output (g) | M.Y% | Average energy consumption of the improvised pilot unit (kW-h) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 210 | 92.46 | 0.47 | 3.86 | 5.62 | 20.91 | 2.96 | 2.92 | 95.61% | 0.16 |
220 | 94.00 | 0.63 | 2.20 | 6.04 | 21.28 | 5.06 | 4.80 | |||
230 | 79.12 | 0.64 | 17.17 | 6.13 | 21.43 | 6.49 | 6.18 | |||
240 | 84.94 | 0.78 | 10.30 | 6.12 | 20.95 | 6.76 | 6.54 | |||
250 | 82.16 | 0.94 | 13.83 | 6.09 | 22.09 | 9.16 | 8.47 | |||
10 | 210 | 84.15 | 1.94 | 10.83 | 6 | 21.78 | 7.42 | 6.73 | 88% | 0.066 |
220 | 94.33 | 0.89 | 1.076 | 6.25 | 22.58 | 6.35 | 6.05 | |||
230 | 86.79 | 1.15 | 9.06 | 6.16 | 22.37 | 4.59 | 3.75 | |||
240 | 87.76 | 1.58 | 6.68 | 6.35 | 22.93 | 5.77 | 5.13 | |||
250 | 94.31 | 1.36 | 1.25 | 6.60 | 23.26 | 5.44 | 4.70 | |||
15 | 210 | 94.15 | 0.96 | 1.36 | 5.98 | 21.58 | 6.88 | 6.3 | 87% | 0.18 |
220 | 92.34 | 1.52 | 2.96 | 6.20 | 22.02 | 5.75 | 4.9 | |||
230 | 84.46 | 1.23 | 11.32 | 6.72 | 24.16 | 4.81 | 4.11 | |||
240 | 85.07 | 2.50 | 8.45 | 7.22 | 24.46 | 5.55 | 4.98 | |||
250 | 91.33 | 1.31 | 4.04 | 8.44 | 28.37 | 5.41 | 4.6 | |||
Total | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 82.99 | 75.56 | 91% | 0.40 |
Raw material | – | 10.27 | 1.41 | 80.35 | 5.95 | 20.40 | 155 | 82.99 | 53.54% | 0.648 |