Table 5 Heat of reaction (ΔH) during thermal decomposition of the pre-treated pinecone and the raw pinecone
From: Physico-chemical assessment of torrefied Eurasian pinecones
Reaction regime | ΔH (kJ kg−1) Unprocessed pinecones | ΔH (kJ kg−1) Torrified pinecones | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 °C min−1 | 10 °C min−1 | 15 °C min−1 | 5 °C min−1 | 10 °C min−1 | 15 °C min−1 | |
Exothermic (I), kJ kg−1 | − 3.83 | − 4.52 | − 6.74 | – | − 4.88 | − 5.59 |
Temperature range (I) °C | 29–50 | 28–56 | 28–64 | – | 32–60 | 31–62 |
Endothermic(I), kJ kg−1 | 1.88 | 3.08 | 2.36 | 0.016 | 0.66 | 1.77 |
Temperature range (I) °C | 50–72 | 56–90.72 | 65–98.35 | 32–32.4 | 60–76.14 | 62–93 |
Exothermic (II), kJ kg−1 | − 697.85 | − 468.35 | − 455 | − 680 | − 520 | − 426 |
Temperature range (II) °C | 72–335 | 90.78–351 | 98–364 | 32.5–333 | 36–352.1 | 93–361.36 |
Exothermic (III), kJ kg−1 | – | − 182.42 | – | – | – | − 200 |
Temperature range (II) °C | – | 350–483 | – | – | – | 361.4–508 |
Exothermic (IV), kJ kg−1 | − 839.26 | − 877 | − 450 | − 838 | − 882 | − 412.35 |
Temperature range (IV) °C | 335–602 | 351–596 | 363–606 | 334–603 | 352.2–596 | 508–607 |
Net heat of reactions (MJ/kg) | − 1.54 | − 1.53 | − 0.91 | − 1.52 | − 1.40 | − 1.04 |
Energy saving (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 99.14% | 78.57% | 25% |