From: Physico-chemical assessment of torrefied Eurasian pinecones
Reaction regime | ΔG (kJ kg−1) Unprocessed pinecones | ΔG (kJ kg−1) Torrified pinecones | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 °C min−1 | 10 °C min−1 | 15 °C min−1 | 5 °C min−1 | 10 °C min−1 | 15 °C min−1 | |
Exerogonic (I) | − 3.82 | − 4.50 | − 6.72 | – | − 4.86 | − 5.57 |
Endergonic(II) | 1.87 | 3.06 | 2.35 | 0.02 | 0.66 | 1.76 |
Exerogonic (II) | − 695.42 | − 466.71 | − 453.41 | − 677.62 | − 518.18 | − 424.51 |
Exerogonic (III) | – | − 181.78 | – | – | – | − 199.30 |
Exerogonic (IV) | − 836.32 | − 873.93 | − 448.42 | − 835.067 | − 878.91 | − 410.91 |
Entropy of a system (kJ kg−1 K−1) | 0.066 | 0.067 | 0.036 | − 0.0098 | − 0.0094 | − 0.0069 |
Exergetic gain | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.06% | 1.02% | 1.6% |
Capital saving per kg of fuel* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5ȼ | 0.24ȼ | 0.08ȼ |