Fig. 6

Carbohydrate dynamics probed by NMR relaxation using unlabeled rice stems at ambient temperature. a Representative ¹³C–T₁ relaxation curves of cellulose (top row) and xylan (second row). The ctl1 ctl2 double mutant has shown substantially faster relaxation than the wild-type sample, indicating more pronounced motions on the nanosecond timescale. b Bar diagram summarizing the ¹³C–T₁ relaxation times of cellulose (pink) and xylan (blue). The x-axis represents different carbon sites, which can be found in Additional file 1: Table S4. c Representative ¹H-T_1ρ relaxation curves. For most peaks, the double mutant shows faster ¹H–T_1ρ relaxation than the wild-type sample, indicating enhanced dynamics on the microsecond timescale. All the ¹H–T_1ρ relaxation time constants are summarized in d