Fig. 3

Observations of plant cell walls in transgenic poplar plant. a Toluidine blue staining of the 6th internode stems of 5-month-old transgenic line and WT (Ph: phloem, C: cambium, Xy: xylem, Xf: xylem fiber cells, P: pith, Ep: epidermis. Scale bars as 50 μm). b Numbers of xylem cell layers and lumen area of individual xylem vessel cell and fiber cell. c Calcofluor staining specific for glucans (scale bars as 100 μm). d Immunohistochemical fluorescence (green) specific for xylan using LM10 antibody (scale bars as 100 μm). e Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (Xv: xylem vessel, scale bars as 5 μm). f Cell wall composition and cell wall thickness of SEM observation. All data as mean ± SD. Student’s t test was performed between the transgenic line and WT as **P < 0.01 (n = 3 for cell wall composition, n = 30 for cell wall thickness, technical replicates)