Fig. 4

Effects of ALDH, GPO, TRXR, and ZWF overexpression on DHA production, cell growth, and carbon and nitrogen sources utilization. a DHA yield (g/L). Cells were cultured in fermentation medium for 120 h. b Growth curves and glucose consumption by WT and OaldH-gpo-trxR. c, d WT and OaldH-gpo-trxR strains were cultured for 168 h in shake flask fed-batch fermentation. The fermentation broth was collected every 24 h to determine the concentrations of glucose and ammonium, DCW, lipid and DHA yields. Black arrow: 25 g/L glucose was supplied to the culture every 24 h from 48 to 144 h. Red arrow: 2 g/L yeast extract was supplied to the fermentation culture at 72 h and 120 h, respectively