Table 2 Several bioprocesses using waste for bio-lipids production
From: Waste biorefinery towards a sustainable circular bioeconomy: a solution to global issues
Microbial strain | Waste material(s) | Culture mode(s) | Results | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yeast cultivation | ||||
 Cryptococcus curvatus ATCC 20509 | Acetic acid | Flask culture, 3-L stirred-tank bioreactor, continuous culture with nitrogen-rich condition at a dilution rate of 0.04 h−1 | Lipid content = 73.4%, 49.9%, 56.7%, respectively | [62] |
 Lipomyces starkeyi DSM 70296 | Hemicellulose hydrolysate (from sugarcane bagasse) | Flask culture, batch bioreactor culture | Lipid content = 26.9%, 26.1%, respectively | [64] |
 Rhodosporidium toruloides AS 2.1389 | Acetic acid | Batch culture with 20 g/L acetic acid, sequencing batch culture with 4 g/L acetic acid | Lipid content = 48.2%, 38.6%, respectively | [63] |
 Yarrowia lipolytica MUCL 28849 | VFAs (acetic, propionic and butyric acid) and glycerol | Two-stage fed-batch bioreactor fermentation | Lipid content =  ~ 40% Lipid concentration = 12.4 g/L | [56] |
 Yarrowia lipolytica W29 (ATCC 20460) | Pork lard | Batch culture | Lipid content = 58% | [65] |
Algal cultivation | ||||
 Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21 | K2HPO4-waste feedstock | Lab-scale flask culture (100 mL) | Lipid content = 8.29% DHA production = 128.81 mg/L | [76] |
 Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 | Empty palm fruit bunches | 5-L fermenter | Lipid content = 36.3% Lipid concentration = 12.5 g/L DHA concentration = 5.4 g/L | [70] |
 Chlorella sorokiniana CY-1 | Palm oil mill effluent | Bioreactor fermentation process | Biomass concentration = 2.12 g/L Lipid content = 11.21% (using acid-heat pretreated 30% (v/v) palm oil mill effluent) | [74] |
 Chlorella sorokiniana 211-32 | Acetate-rich oxidised wine waste lees | Fed-batch mixotrophic culture | Biomass concentration = 11 g/L Lipid content = 38% | [77] |
 Chlorella vulgaris FACHB-31 | Biological effluent of landfill leachate | Membrane photobioreactor fermentation system | Bio-lipids produced displayed good combustion properties Low linolenic acid content (8.32%) and high cetane number (60.96%) | [72] |
 Chlorella vulgaris SAG 211-19 | Seafood wastewater effluent | Bioreactor fermentation process | Lipid content = 32.15% | [73] |
 Scenedesmus sp. R-16 | Starch-rich food waste | A two-stage process: dark fermentation and microalgal culture (bioreactor culture) | Biohydrogen yield = 1643.5 mL/L Lipid yield = 515.6 mg/L | [79] |
 Scenedesmus sp. | Agricultural biomass waste (corn cob and stalk, rice and wheat straw) | A two-stage process: dark fermentation and microalgal culture (batch culture) | Corn stalk was the best fermentation feedstock for biohydrogen production Biomass concentration = 1461.1 mg/L Lipid content = 35.2% (using corn stalk as substrate) | [78] |
 Tetradesmus obliquus AARL G022 | Chicken manure digestate | Co-culture of green microalgal and actinomycetes consortium (gram-positive mycelial bacteria) Lab-scale flask culture | Nocardia bhagyanarayanae I-27 prompted a higher biomass (1.2 g/L), chlorophyll a (15.6 µg/mL) and lipid (20.8%) content in a co-culture with Tetradesmus obliquus using 25% diluted digestate | [75] |
 Not specified | Acidogenic effluents (fermented distillery wastewater and fermented dairy wastewater) | Mixotrophic culture, heterotrophic culture | Microalgae cultivation with mixotrophic mode using fermented distillery wastewater showed high biomass productivity in growth phase Microalgae cultivation with mixo- and heterotrophic mode using fermented dairy wastewater showed high lipid (34%) and neutral lipid (13%) content, respectively, in stress phase | [71] |