Table 1 Summary of the contents (wt %) of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in common plant feedstocks

Crop residues

Hardwood

Rice straw

36.2–47

16–35

5.6–36.1

[181, 257, 258]

Hardwood stems

40–55

24–40

18–25

[14]

Rice husk

32.7–41.52

14.04–29.3

18.1–33.67

[258,259,260,261]

Poplar

42–49

16–23

21–29

[181]

Wheat straw

30–43.4

19.45–45.2

7.5–22.2

[258, 262,263,264]

Willow

36–39

21–22

19–20

[181]

Sorghum bagasse

27.3–45

13.1–36

14.3–25

[264, 265]

Eucalyptus

34.2–51.1

8.9–30.2

21.4–39.2

[266]

Sorghum straw

26.93

32.57

10.16

[264]

Oak

33.9–43.2

21.9–25.9

27.8–35.4

[264, 267]

Sugarcane bagasse

38.01–45

17.1–33.27

4.01–33.56

[143, 144, 258, 261]

Corn stover

32–45

15.49–35

7–22.74

[14, 116, 262]

Corn cob

39.3–52.49

23.7–35

12.5–19.6

[181, 261, 263]

Softwood

Corn straw

51.53

30.88

17.59

[258, 263]

Softwood stems

45–50

25–35

25–35

[14]

Corn stalk

36.89

29.33

13.93

[261]

Beech

45.05–51.3

28–31.86

19.6–22.25

[261, 263, 268]

Tobacco residue

42.3–44.32

28.89–41.54

15.01–26.79

[263, 267]

Japanese larch

58.6

13.0

20.1

[269]

Barley straw

35.4

28.7

13.1

[264]

Pine

34–45.6

20.1–34.6

26–34.4

[181, 264]

Wastes of fruit processing industries

Spruce

24.7–47.11

10.2–21.31

31.58–35

[263, 264]

Banana peel

52.30

9.90

11.2

[267]

Olive leaves

12.72–15.38

7.47–9.16

15.15–17.8

[270]

Olive stone

30.10

17.10

32.6

[267]

Grasses

Extracted olive pomace

40.00

22

19

[264]

Miscanthus

40–53

18–26.2

20–26.5

[14, 181, 271]

Acai seed

53.20

12.30

22.3

[17]

Switchgrass

39.5–45

20.3–31.5

12–20

[14, 181]

Cocoa shell

13.20

10.80

13.2

[267]

Bamboo

37–46.5

16.6–18.8

25.7–39.2

[264, 272]

Peanut shell

24.70

39.40

33.5

[267]

Agave bagasse

38.4–47.3

12.8–23.5

10.1–15

[273,274,275]

Walnut shell

40.10

20.70

18.2

[267]

Agave leaf

46–79.8

15.7–30

4.9–11

[275]