Fig. 2

a Biosynthesis pathway of d-glucaric acid introduced into S. cerevisiae. Ino1: myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase; MIOX4: myo-inositol oxygenase; UDH: uronate dehydrogenase. The green arrow shows the d-glucaric acid production from glucose, and the yellow arrow shows d-glucaric acid production from glucose and myo-inositol. b Time courses of fed-batch fermentations in yeast extract peptone (YPD) medium without and with 10.8 g/L myo-inositol. LGA-1 and LGA-C are the engineered S. cerevisiae strains capable of producing d-glucaric acid. The data shown here are average values of at least three biological replicates, and the error bars represent standard deviations