Fig. 5

AFM images of cellulosic nano-whiskers (CNWs) with CNC-like morphology produced by concentrated MA hydrolysis of bleached eucalyptus pulp fibers (BEP) followed by mechanical fibrillation of the hydrolyzed cellulosic solids residue (CSR), in comparison with CNCs. All scale bars = 1000 nm. Top and middle rows: morphologies of CNWs from two high severities pilot-scale runs (left column M1: M70T120t120, right column M2: M75T100t120). Top row: 1 pass homogenization; middle row: three passes homogenization. Bottom row: morphologies of CNC from concentrated acid hydrolysis (left: sulfuric acid hydrolysis of spruce dissolving pulp from FPL pilot plant, right: MA hydrolysis of BEP under M2). Reproduced from Wang et al. [148]