Table 2 Summary on economic parameters of different processes with different feedstock
From: An overview to process design, simulation and sustainability evaluation of biodiesel production
Oil feedstock | Catalyst | Reaction media | Plant capacity (tons/year) | Operation mode | Production cost (million $/year) | Manufacturing cost (million $/year) | Biodiesel cost ($/kg) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical-catalysed processes | ||||||||
 Vegetable oil  Waste cooking oil  Waste cooking oil  Waste cooking oil | Alkali Alkali Acid Acid (hexane extraction) | None | 8000 | Continuous | 7.59 7.76 5.92 6.35 | 6.86 7.08 5.15 5.62 | 0.857 0.884 0.644 0.702 | [57] |
 Waste cooking oil | Acid/alkali Homogenous acid Heterogeneous acid Non-catalytic | None | 8000 | Continuous | 5.78 5.37 4.45 5.19 | 5.20 4.76 3.88 4.59 | – – – – | [22] |
 Fresh canola oil  Waste canola oil  Waste canola oil | Alkali Acid/alkali Non-catalytic | None | 40,000 | Continuous | 50.9 40.2 32.49 | 45.8 35 29 | 1.0 ($/L) 0.762 0.632 | [32] |
 Rapeseed oil | Alkali | None | 50,000 | Continuous | 65.9 |  | 1.15 ($/L) | [50] |
 Waste cooking oil | Non-catalytic | None | 8000 80,000 125,000 | Continuous |  | 3.5389 17.134 18.790 | 0.52 ($/L) 0.24 0.17 | [51] |
 Waste cooking oil | Non-catalytic Alkali | None | 100,000 | Continuous | 54.934 55.590 |  | 0.727 ($/L) 0.671 | [52] |
 Crude soybean oil | Alkali | None | 37,854,118 L/year | Continuous | 21.329 | 20.041 | 0.53 ($/L) | [55] |
 Palm oil | Alkali | None | 1000 | Batch | – | 1166.7 ($/ton of biodiesel) | 2.3 ($/L) | [59] |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Enzyme productivity (kg biodiesel/kg enzyme) | Enzyme price ($/kg) | Â | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enzyme-catalysed processes | ||||||||
 Rapeseed oil | Immobilized enzyme | None | 8000 200,000 | Continuous | 1200 | 1000 10 1000 10 | 1.95 0.98 0.96 0.065 | [23] |
 Palm oil | Immobilized enzyme | None | 1000 | Batch | 5 cycles | 1200 | 2.414 | [59] |
 Waste cooking oil | Immobilized enzyme | None | 8000 | Continuous | 200 cycles | – | 1.15 | [58] |
 Rapeseed oil | Immobilized enzyme | Co-solvent | 8000 200,000 | Continuous | 4250 | 1000 10 1000 10 | 3.12 2.87 2.23 1.97 | [23] |
 Waste oil | Immobilized enzyme | Co-solvent | 8500 | Continuous | – | 2000 $/klU | 0.86 | [34] |
 Waste cooking sunflower oil | Immobilized enzyme | Supercritical CO2 | 8000 | Continuous | – | 800 €/kg 8 €/kg | 1.64 €/L 0.75 €/L | [36] |
 Palm oil | Soluble lipase | None | 1000 | Batch | Single use | – | 7.821 | [59] |
 Vegetable oil | Soluble lipase | N/A | 11,200 | Continuous | Single use | 1000 | 1.4 | [45] |