Fig. 4

Ethanol production using eSSF or mcSSF processes. Ethanol titers obtained from the mcSSF and eSSF processes show that higher ethanol production is consistently achieved from cellulosic emulsions than from microcrystalline cellulose. The highest ethanol concentrations reached with K. marxianus, O. polymorpha, and S. cerevisiae using a 0.6% cellulose emulsion (eSSF) or microcrystalline cellulose (mcSSF) are depicted. The times when maximum ethanol titer are reached for each yeast are shown. An enzyme load of 53 FPU/g cellulose was used for all yeasts, and data is shown as mean values and error bars represent the standard deviation of three independent replicates