Table 4 Catalyst evaluation for HMF synthesis from sugars (glucose 0.5 wt.% and fructose 2.1 wt. %), in the liquid product after isomerization (Reaction conditions: 150 °C, 60 min)
Catalyst (final concentration wt. %)# | Sugars conversion (%)# | HMF yield (%)# | HMF selectivity (%)# |
|---|---|---|---|
HCl (0.7%) | 76.1 | 36.3 | 47.7 |
H3PO4 (3.0%) | 83.1 | 43.7 | 52.6 |
Formic acid (3.5%) | 79.9 | 44.6 | 55.8 |
Maleic acid (3.0%) | 75.4 | 41.8 | 55.5 |
H-mordenite (2.6%) | 97.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 |