Fig. 4

The time-course profiles of cell growth and sugar utilization of engineering and non-engineering E. coli. E. coli BL21 (DE3), E. coli (pET-lgk), E. coli ΔxylF, E. coli ΔkgtP, E. coli ΔxylF + lgk, E. coli ΔkgtP + lgk, E. coli ΔxylF + lgk + xylF, and E. coli ΔkgtP + lgk + kgtP were cultured at 37 °C and 150 rpm for 24 h in levoglucosan- and fructose-based M9 minimal media, respectively. E. coli (pET-lgk) is abbreviated to E. coli + lgk. A Fructose consumption and B Cell density (OD₆₀₀) in fructose-feeding media. C Levoglucosan consumption and D cell density (OD₆₀₀) in levoglucosan-feeding media. Downward arrows labeled in the figures highlighted the levoglucosan consumption and cell density exhibited by E. coli ΔxylF + lgk