Fig. 3

Improved squalene production through redirection of LD metabolism. To ensure sufficient acetyl-CoA precursor supply for squalene production, neutral lipids stored in LDs were degraded and redirected toward the supply of acetyl-CoA in the SQ4td strain. The TGL3 or TGL4 gene involved in FA supply was overexpressed, and the gene encoding acyl-CoA synthetase, FAA1 or FAA4, was overexpressed to produce acyl-CoA from FAs. Yeast cells were cultivated in shake flasks with YSC medium containing 2% (w/v) glucose at 30 °C for 144 h. All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of biological triplicates