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Table 2 State-of-the-art yeast producer strains for the production of important biofuels and bioproducts from conventional feedstock as potential host organisms for implementation of synthetic methylotrophy

From: Synthetic methylotrophic yeasts for the sustainable fuel and chemical production

Host organism

Product

Procedure

Substrate

Titer

Refs.

S. cerevisiae

Prenyl alcohols

Overexpression of the gene encoding hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase. Production of (e,e)-farnesol (FOH), (e)-nerolidol (NOH), and (e,e,e)-geranylgeraniol (GGOH))

5% galactose, addition of glucose after 125 h (5% final concentration)

145.7 mg L−1 (FOH), 98.8 mg L−1 (NOH), and 2.46 mg L−1 GGOH

[94]

S. cerevisiae

Bisabolene

Overexpression of truncated HMG-CoA reductase (tHMGR), the FPP synthase (Erg20), and the global transcription regulator of the sterol pathway upc2-1, downregulation of the squalene synthase (Erg9)

1.8% galactose/0.2% glucose

> 900 mg L−1

[95]

S. cerevisiae

Medium chain fatty acids C6-C10

Endogenous fatty acid synthase (FAS) and an orthogonal bacterial type I FAS were engineered for MCFA production in the yeast S. cerevisiae. Directed evolution of the membrane transporter Tpo1 and adaptive laboratory evolution of the strain

Various glucose concentrations

> 1 g L−1

[96]

S. cerevisiae

n-Butanol

S. cerevisiae was engineered with a n-butanol biosynthetic pathway with isozymes from a number of different organisms (S. cerevisiae, E. coli, Clostridium beijerinckii, and Ralstonia eutropha)

2% galactose

2.5 mg L−1

[97]

S. cerevisiae and P. stipitis

Ethanol

Recursive protoplast fusion of two yeast strains

200 g L−1 glucose–xylose mixture (3:1 ratio)

74.65 g L−1

[98]

S. cerevisiae

Vitamin E tocotrienols

Expression of HPPD, HGGT, MPBQMT, TC and γ-TMT from photosynthetic organisms and design of a cold-shock-triggered temperature control system used in a two-stage fermentation

3% glucose

320 mg L−1

[99]

S. cerevisiae

Hemoglobin

Deletion HMX1, VPS10, PEP4 and ROX1 and overexpression of HEM3 and AHSP genes

2% glucose

18% (of total cell protein)

[100]

Y. lipolytica

Citric acid

Elongation of the production phase of the bioprocess with growth-decoupled citric acid production

1.5% glucose

~ 100 g L−1

[101]

Y. lipolytica

Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid

Overexpression of the ∆9/∆8 pathway (41 copies of 19 different genes) and optimization of lipid metabolism

2% glucose

25% of yeast biomass

[102]

Y. lipolytica

Fatty acid ethyl esters

Expression of pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase II (adhB) from Zymomonas mobilis and introduction of heterologous wax ester synthases ws2 and maqu_0168 from disruption of competitive pathways to increase fatty acyl-CoA pool

2% dextrose

8.2 mg L−1

[103]

Y. lipolytica

1-Decanol

Overexpression of FAR from Arabidopsis thaliana and FAT from C. palustris. Deletion of the major peroxisome assembly factor Pex10

5% glucose

> 500 mg L−1

[104]

Y. lipolytica

FAEE

Expression of WS gene from Marinobacter sp. and deletion of PEX10 gene

2–6% glucose, 2–10% ethanol

1.18 g L−1

[105]

Y. lipolytica

FFAs

Overexpression of hybrid hFAS-EcTesA

10% glucose

9.67 g L−1

[106]

Y. lipolytica

β-carotene

Overexpression of β-carotene pathway and promoter screening

6 g h−1 glucose

6.5 g L−1

[107]

Y. lipolytica

Docosahexaenoic acid

Expression of artificial pfa BGC from Aetherobacter fasciculatus

2.5% glucose

350 mg L−1

[108]

Y. lipolytica

Cyclo-propane fatty acids

Overexpression of the E. coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene under a hybrid promoter (hp8d) and Y. lipolytica LRO1 gene

7% glucose

3.06 g L−1

[109]