From: Synthetic methylotrophic yeasts for the sustainable fuel and chemical production
Host organism | Product | Procedure | Substrate | Titer | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. cerevisiae | Prenyl alcohols | Overexpression of the gene encoding hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase. Production of (e,e)-farnesol (FOH), (e)-nerolidol (NOH), and (e,e,e)-geranylgeraniol (GGOH)) | 5% galactose, addition of glucose after 125 h (5% final concentration) | 145.7 mg L−1 (FOH), 98.8 mg L−1 (NOH), and 2.46 mg L−1 GGOH | [94] |
S. cerevisiae | Bisabolene | Overexpression of truncated HMG-CoA reductase (tHMGR), the FPP synthase (Erg20), and the global transcription regulator of the sterol pathway upc2-1, downregulation of the squalene synthase (Erg9) | 1.8% galactose/0.2% glucose | > 900 mg L−1 | [95] |
S. cerevisiae | Medium chain fatty acids C6-C10 | Endogenous fatty acid synthase (FAS) and an orthogonal bacterial type I FAS were engineered for MCFA production in the yeast S. cerevisiae. Directed evolution of the membrane transporter Tpo1 and adaptive laboratory evolution of the strain | Various glucose concentrations | > 1 g L−1 | [96] |
S. cerevisiae | n-Butanol | S. cerevisiae was engineered with a n-butanol biosynthetic pathway with isozymes from a number of different organisms (S. cerevisiae, E. coli, Clostridium beijerinckii, and Ralstonia eutropha) | 2% galactose | 2.5 mg L−1 | [97] |
S. cerevisiae and P. stipitis | Ethanol | Recursive protoplast fusion of two yeast strains | 200 g L−1 glucose–xylose mixture (3:1 ratio) | 74.65 g L−1 | [98] |
S. cerevisiae | Vitamin E tocotrienols | Expression of HPPD, HGGT, MPBQMT, TC and γ-TMT from photosynthetic organisms and design of a cold-shock-triggered temperature control system used in a two-stage fermentation | 3% glucose | 320 mg L−1 | [99] |
S. cerevisiae | Hemoglobin | Deletion HMX1, VPS10, PEP4 and ROX1 and overexpression of HEM3 and AHSP genes | 2% glucose | 18% (of total cell protein) | [100] |
Y. lipolytica | Citric acid | Elongation of the production phase of the bioprocess with growth-decoupled citric acid production | 1.5% glucose | ~ 100 g L−1 | [101] |
Y. lipolytica | Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid | Overexpression of the ∆9/∆8 pathway (41 copies of 19 different genes) and optimization of lipid metabolism | 2% glucose | 25% of yeast biomass | [102] |
Y. lipolytica | Fatty acid ethyl esters | Expression of pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase II (adhB) from Zymomonas mobilis and introduction of heterologous wax ester synthases ws2 and maqu_0168 from disruption of competitive pathways to increase fatty acyl-CoA pool | 2% dextrose | 8.2 mg L−1 | [103] |
Y. lipolytica | 1-Decanol | Overexpression of FAR from Arabidopsis thaliana and FAT from C. palustris. Deletion of the major peroxisome assembly factor Pex10 | 5% glucose | > 500 mg L−1 | [104] |
Y. lipolytica | FAEE | Expression of WS gene from Marinobacter sp. and deletion of PEX10 gene | 2–6% glucose, 2–10% ethanol | 1.18 g L−1 | [105] |
Y. lipolytica | FFAs | Overexpression of hybrid hFAS-EcTesA | 10% glucose | 9.67 g L−1 | [106] |
Y. lipolytica | β-carotene | Overexpression of β-carotene pathway and promoter screening | 6 g h−1 glucose | 6.5 g L−1 | [107] |
Y. lipolytica | Docosahexaenoic acid | Expression of artificial pfa BGC from Aetherobacter fasciculatus | 2.5% glucose | 350 mg L−1 | [108] |
Y. lipolytica | Cyclo-propane fatty acids | Overexpression of the E. coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene under a hybrid promoter (hp8d) and Y. lipolytica LRO1 gene | 7% glucose | 3.06 g L−1 | [109] |