Table 1 Global annual production and composition of agri-food wastes and by-products

Corn cob

Cellulose, 40–45%

Hemicellulose, 31–39%

Lignin, 14–18%

200 million tons

[52, 55]

Corn bran

Hemicellulose, 700 g/kg

Cellulose, 280 g/kg

3 million tons (dry mass)

[56]

Wheat bran

Starch, 14–25%

Non-starch carbohydrates, 5–60%

Fat, 3–4%

Protein, 13–18%

Mineral, 3–8%

150 million tons

[57, 58]

Rice bran

Carbohydrate, 34–62%

Protein, 11–15%

Lipids, 15–20%

Crude fiber, 7–11%

Ash, 7–10%

29.3 million tons

[59, 60]

Bean pulp

Protein, 40–48%

Amino acid, 3.6–4.4%

–

[61]

Maize meal

Carbohydrate, 90.9%

Protein, 7.1%

Fat, 1.52%

66,332.9 tons

[62, 63]

Miscellaneous waste carbohydrates

Glucose,

Fructose,

Oligosaccharides

415,000 tons

[64]

Napier grass

Cellulose, 35.0–39.4%

Xylan, 19.2–23.4%

Lignin, 15.3–19.3%

–

[65]

Sugarcane bagasse

Cellulose, 50%

Hemicellulose, 25%

Lignin, 25%

6 million tons

[66, 67]

Sugar beet molasses

Total sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose), 50%

Suspended colloids,

Heavy metals,

Vitamins,

Nitrogenous compounds

500,000 tons^a

[68]