Fig. 5

Enhanced supply of peroxisomal acyl-CoA and NADPH promoted fatty alcohol production. A Scheme of metabolic modifications to enhance the supply of peroxisomal acyl-CoA and NADPH. Acyl-CoA transporter PXA1/PXA2 and a peroxisomal copy of acyl-CoA synthase FAA2 were overexpressed to increase peroxisomal acyl-CoA supply. The malate shuttling pathway, including malic enzyme (RtME), pyruvate carboxylase (PYC1) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH3), and isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDP2 and IDP3, were also targeted to peroxisomes to enhance peroxisomal NADPH supply. B Effect of overexpressed PXA1/PXA2 and FAA2 on cell growth and fatty alcohol titer. C Effect of introducing the peroxisomal malate shuttling pathway on cell growth and fatty alcohol titer. D Effect of overexpressed peroxisomal IDP2 and IDP3 on cell growth and fatty alcohol titer. E Combination of enhanced supply of peroxisomal acyl-CoA and NADPH promoted fatty alcohol production. F Effect of H₂O₂ with different concentrations on cell growth and fatty alcohol titer. The “per” represents gene adding the peroxisome targeting signal at the C-terminal. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three or four biologically independent samples with displayed data points. Red asterisks indicate statistical significance as determined using paired t test (n.s. p > 0.05; *P < 0.05)