From: Latest development in the fabrication and use of lignin-derived humic acid
Raw material | Chemical processes | Conditions | Yield | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corn stalk | Two-stage Hydrothermal | 180 ℃, 4 h, pH 1 180 ℃, 4 h, pH 13 | HA-28.7% | [83] |
Wheat straw | Hydrothermal | 220 ℃, 4 h | HA-30.2% | [88] |
Broccoli stem | Hydrothermal | 204–220 ℃, 10 min | HS-198 g/kg HA-50.7 g/kg FA-28 g/kg | [89] |
Sugarcane exocarp | Hydrothermal | 200 ℃, 1 h | HA-14.85% | [86] |
Cabbage leaf | Alkali- Hydrothermal | KOH (25%), NH4OH (20%), 195 ℃, 4 h | Not available | [87] |
Glucose, saw dust, tulip tree leaves | Alkali-Hydrothermal | KOH | HA-1.8% | [84] |
Food wastes (rice, meat, cabbage, potatoes) | Hydrothermal | 215 ℃, 1 h | HA-43.5 | [91] |
Fermented Furfural | Alkali dissolution and acidification | KOH (8%) 70 ℃, 2.5 h | HA-49% | [85] |
Carbohydrates monomer | Hydrothermal | ([BMIM]Cl) (10 g) CrCl3 (0.74 g) 110 ℃, 4 h | HA-56.6% | [92] |