Table 5 Fermentation parameters

Hydrolysate

Alkaline detoxification [24, 25]

Total dissolved sugars in raw hydrolysate

200 g/l primarily consisting of hemicelluloses. Glucose originating from 30% solubilisation of the cellulose in the trash [49]

Fermentation Mode

Fed-batch, initially with 60% of the reactor loaded with diluted hydrolysate

Fed-Batch Initial Sugars

92 g/l, as per the hydrolysate in Kurian et al.[24]

Yeast loading

1.5-2 g/l dry weight [25, 74]

Conversion to Ethanol

82.5% of pentose, 90% of hexose

Fermentation Time

140 hours [75]