Fig. 4

Effect of phages EcoSau and EcoInf in ethanol fermentation models contaminated with L. fermentum at 10⁷ cfu/ml starting level. Fermentation groups were set up in triplicate, including infection-free control (no bacteria challenge), infection control (bacteria challenged without treatment), and EcoSau, EcoInf, or EcoSau + EcoInf treatment (bacteria challenged and with phage treatment at MOI of 10). At the end of the fermentation, levels of a ethanol b glucose c lactic acid, and d acetic acid, were determined and compared. Levels of recoverable phage (e) were determined during fermentation in phage-treated systems