Table 4 Some biological contaminants and their contamination modes for commercially important microalgae

Zooplankton

 Brachionus plicatilis, Euplaesiobystra hypersalinica

A. platensis

Grazing

n/d

[105]

 Brachionus plicatilis, Frontonia sp.

A. platensis

n/d

[106]

 Brachionus rubens

C. sorokiniana

99.8%

[107]

 Poterioochromonas malhamensis, Vannella sp.

C. sorokiniana

38–59%

[108]

 Brachionus calyciflorus

C. vulgaris

n/d

[109]

 Pseudobodo sp. KD51

C. vulgaris

n/d

[110]

 Naegleria sp., Cladotricha sp.

D. salina

n/d

[111]

Bacteria

 Bacillus fusiformis

Chlorella sp.

Secreted metabolites

45.6% (1 d)

[112]

 Enterobacter cloacae, Gibberella moniliformis

C. pyrenoidosa

n/d

n/d

[113]

 Bowmanella denitrificans

C. vulgaris

Secreted metabolites

28.7%

[114]

 Bacillus thuringiensis ITRI-G1

C. vulgaris

Secreted AES-Bt agents

100% (8 h)

[115]

 Microbacterium paraoxydans

C. vulgaris

Secreted atrazine-desethyl

64.38%

[116]

 Ponticoccus sp. CBA02

D. salina

Secreted metabolites

n/d

[117]

 Sagittula stellata

D. salina

n/d

52.4% (6 d)

[118]

 Paenibacillus polymyxa MEZ6

H. pluvialis

Secreted metabolites

46.3%

[119]

Other algae

 Oocystis sp.

Arthrospira sp.

Resource competition

n/d

[120]

 Coelastrella sp.

H. pluvialis

Resource competition

n/d

[121]

 Scenedesmus spp.

H. pluvialis

Resource competition

n/d

[122]

Virus

 XW01

Chlorella sp.

Infection

n/d

[123]

 ATCV-1

Chlorella sp.

n/d

[124]

 OSy-NE5

Chlorella sp.

n/d

[125]

 PBCV-1

Chlorella spp.

n/d

[126]