Figure 1

The cell surface hydrophobicity (left y-axis) and zeta potential (right y-axis) of algal biomass as a function of sonication duration. Sonication of algal biomass was conducted at two different temperatures of 45°C and 65°C for up to 60 min. The pH of non-sonicated and sonicated algal biomass suspensions was adjusted to either 5 or 9 for zeta potential measurement. Three independent biological replicates were used for the measurements. Error bars indicate standard deviation values from the average.