Figure 3

Cell wall extractabilities and characteristics determined by solid-state¹³C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. (a) Cell wall integrity of whole biomass or cell wall residues (CWR) determined by the percentage of mass lost under different extraction conditions. 0.1M NaOH, 0.1 M NaOH extraction overnight at 5°C after 91-92% methanol extraction overnight at 5°C. 2M NaOH: extraction of ester-linked wall-bound phenolics from CWR. *Asterisks indicate values that were determined by the Student t-test to be significantly different from their equivalent control (p < 0.05). All data are means ± SE (n = 3). (b-d) Solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra of CWRs of control (2A) and PvMYB4-OX (1C) biomass that had been extracted with methanol (b), 0.1M NaOH (c) or 2M NaOH (d). Whole biomass, non-extracted biomass from the whole tillers. CWR, cell wall residues of the whole biomass extracted by methanol: chloroform, methanol, methanol: H₂O and H₂O.