Bioethanol from poplar: a commercially viable alternative to fossil fuel in the European Union

Table 5 Summary of cost and fuel price parameters (2011) in five European countries

	Sweden	France	Italy	Slovakia	Spain	Reference
Cost parameters
Delivered feedstock price (€/odt)^a	33.3	75.6	34.3	83.8	57.0	[47–50]
Landfill tax (€/tonne)	62.5	20.0	86.5	1.7	32.7	[51]
Electricity credit^b (€/kWh)	0.033^c	0.13^d	0.25^d	0.12^d	0.13^d	[52]
Income tax	26.3%	34.4%	27.5%	19.0%	30.0%	[53]
Labor ratio	1.95	1.70	1.33	0.42	1.02	[45, 46]
Fuel price parameters 2011 (€/l)
Euro Super-95 pump price in 2011	1.543	1.498	1.551	1.443	1.317	[32]
Fuel excise tax	0.612	0.611	0.622	0.551	0.425	[32]
Value-added tax (VAT)	25%	19.6%	21%	20%	18%	[32]
Bioethanol support policy	Fully exempt	Partially exempt (€0.14/l)	Not exempt	Fully exempt	Exempt from hydrocarbon tax but not VAT, and subject to an indirect tax on the retail sales of certain hydrocarbons (additional national €0.024/l and regional rate of €0.024/l)	[2, 32, 33, 54]

^aIncludes a transportation distance of approximately 50 km [55] (Odt, oven-dry tonne).
^bCredit refers to the amount that renewable electricity generators can receive from selling their excess electricity to the grid or other suppliers and/or distributors.
^cPrice of electricity certificate given to renewable electricity producers per MWh of electricity generated.
^dElectricity from renewable sources is promoted through a price regulation system based on a fixed feed-in tariff.

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