Bioenergy and African transformation

Table 4 Summary of Brazil’s advances in social, agricultural, and energy sectors: 1980 to 2010

Sector	Social			Agricultural	Energy
Index	Minimum wage (US$ ₂₀₁₀ /month)	Population out of poverty (%)	Global hunger Index (GHI) ^a	Exports (million US$ ₂₀₁₀ )	Net imported (% supply)	Renewable (% supply) ^b	Biofuels (% liquid fuel supply)
	[86]	[87]	[88,89]	[90]	[91]
1980	207	67	10.4 (1981)	24,700	42%	46%	8%
2010	298	90	4.0 (2011)	62,100	10%	47%	27%

^aThe Global Hunger Index is used to evaluate the hunger situation by countries, considering: a) the undernourished population as a percentage of the total population, b) the prevalence of underweight children under the age of 5, and c) the under-5 mortality rate. Values less than 4.9 reflect “low hunger”, values between 5 and 9.9 reflect “moderate hunger”, and values between 10 and 19.9 indicate “serious hunger”. The worst global hunger scores in 2011 were ascribed to Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo, with scores of 37.9 and 39, respectively.
^bThe share of renewable energy supply remained about constant, but shifted from wood fuel used in households for cooking to liquid biofuels used in the transportation sector. In this period the total energy supply increased 234% (115 to 269 Mtoe) [91].

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