Table 1 Physicochemical analysis of thin stillage from sugar and energy cane used for bioethanol production
Parameter | Energy cane stillage (n = 3) | Sugar cane stillage (n = 6) | t test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg/L)a | (µM) | (mg/L)a | (µM) | p value | |
tCOD | 43,398 ± 3133 | NR | 30,106 ± 2186 | NR | 0.0064 (#) |
sCOD | 40,279 ± .893 | NR | 25,875 ± 381 | NR | 0.00043 (#) |
pH | 4.30 ± 0.03 | NR | 4.32 ± 0.00 | NR | 0.051 (=) |
C:N pelletb | 11.2:1 | NR | 13.8:1 | NR | NR |
Ammonia | 509.2 ± 26.5 | 9519.2 ± 496.3 | 260.5 ± 113.7 | 4869.5 ± 2126.0 | 0.00057 (#) |
Arabinose | 15.6 ± 0.7 | 104.1 ± 4.9 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 0.00065 (#) |
Galactose | 45.1 ± 0.0 | 250.3 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 9.6 ± 1.7 | 8.7 × 10−12 (#) |
Glucose | 1275.7 ± 7.2 | 7080.9 ± 39.7 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 1.1 × 10−5 (#) |
Xylose | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 4.9 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 0.44 (=) |
Mannose | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 7.6 ± 3.8 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.12 (=) |
Fructose | 67.1 ± 16.1 | 372.6 ± 89.3 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 11.6 ± 4.9 | 0.020 (#) |
Succinic acid | 169.6 ± 12.6 | 1436.1 ± 107.1 | 57.8 ± 2.3 | 489.3 ± 19.7 | 0.0038 (#) |
Lactic acid | 3376.1 ± 40.1 | 37,478.5 ± 445.5 | 3158.4 ± 27.3 | 35,062.6 ± 302.8 | 0.0040 (#) |
Glycerol | NA | NR | 937.2 ± 5.3 | 10,177.4 ± 57.8 | – |
Acetic acid | – | – | 2710.2 ± 20.0 | 45,131.6 ± 332.9 | – |
Fumaric acid | < | < | – | – | – |
HMF | NA | NR | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 54.2 ± 0.4 | – |
Furfural | NA | NR | 40.2 ± 0.5 | 417.9 ± 4.8 | – |
Ethanol | NA | NR | 7290.0 ± 370.0 | 158,237.5 ± 8031.3 | – |
Fluoride | NA | NR | – | – | – |
Chloride | 206.4 ± 0.7 | 5822.3 ± 18.5 | – | – | – |
Nitrite | NA | NR | 1.6 ± 2.2 | 34.5 ± 48.8 | – |
Bromide | NA | NR | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 7.0 | – |
Nitrate | NA | NR | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 9.1 ± 8.9 | – |
Phosphate | 216.1 ± 14.1 | 2275.5 ± 148.8 | 175.0 ± 57.8 | 1842.8 ± 608.6 | 0.13 (=) |
Sulfate | 2225.2 ± 4.6 | 23,162.6 ± 48.4 | 1743.9 ± 88.3 | 18,152.1 ± 919.1 | 1.5 × 10−5 (#) |