Table 1 Characteristics of liquid products from HTL of lignocellulosic biomass

Feedstock

Cornstalk

Cornstalk

Beech wood

HTL conditions ^b

260 °C, 20%

260 °C, 10%

380 °C, 3%

Aqueous products

Reducing sugars (mg/L)

11.344 ± 3.011

5.991 ± 0.410

–

Total inorganic carbon (mg/L)

0.135 ± 0.002

–

–

Total organic carbon (mg/L)

28.600 ± 1.335

18.725 ± 1.033

–

Total nitrogen (mg/L)

1.045 ± 0.086

–

–

COD (mg/L)

76.192 ± 1.557

34.256 ± 0.880

–

Formic acid (mg/L)

8.509 ± 1.542

2.320 ± 0.560

0.100–0.900

Lactic acid (mg/L)

9.758 ± 1.392

4.830 ± 0.140

0.300–5.400

Acetic acid (mg/L)

22.336 ± 2.476

8.680 ± 0.740

6.600–13.500

Propionic acid (mg/L)

2.730 ± 0.856

7.280 ± 0.580

–

Butyric acid (mg/L)

9.072 ± 2.136

1.780 ± 0.370

–

5-HMF (mg/L)

1.350 ± 0.300

0.140 ± 0.010

0–3.700

Furfural (mg/L)

0.143 ± 0.042

1.850 ± 0.050

0.100–4.400