Fig. 3
Evolved synthetic hybrids improved their fermentation traits during ACSH culture at 30 °C. Extracellular compound concentration averages (n = 3) for d-glucose, d-xylose, xylitol, glycerol, acetate, ethanol, and succinate, as well as OD600 for biomass, are represented by heatmaps. Heat colors from yellow (low value) to blue (high value) are scaled according to the bars in the right of each series of heatmaps. B Schematic representation of the metabolic pathway for glucose and xylose utilization. Bold names highlight the compounds shown in A. Continuous and discontinuous blue arrows indicate engineered steps in Y73 and Y128, respectively. Sc: S. cerevisiae, Anc: ancestral synthetic hybrid, Evol: synthetic hybrid evolved for 50 generations, ScxSm: S. cerevisiae × S. mikatae, ScxSk: S. cerevisiae × S. kudriavzevii, YPDX + FA: YPDX plus feruloyl amide, YPDX + LTs: YPDX plus cocktail of hydrolysate toxins (HTs). Heatmaps were generated from data in Additional file 4. Compound time course curves for xylose, glucose, ethanol, and biomass are also displayed in Additional files 6 and 7 for S. cerevisiae × S. mikatae and S. cerevisiae × S. kudriavzevii hybrids, respectively