Table 2 Differentially expressed genes in M1 after 12-h VHG fermentation

Up-regulated genes

Glucose, energy metabolism, and ethanol pathway

BNA1

4.08

PDC5

3.63

PGK1, PDC1, HXT14, HXT6, HXT2, HXT7, BNA4, ENO1, BNA5, TDH1, TDH2, TDH3, ENO2, ALD4, FBA1, GPM1, HXK1

2–3.1

Oxidative stress

TSA2

4.91

YHB1, TSA1, SOD1

2–2.5

Fatty acids synthesis

ACC1, FAS1, FEN1, OLE1, SUR4

2.2–3

Cell wall synthesis and stability

PIR1, YPS1, BAG7, GSC2, PSA1, CCW12, YLR194C

2.5–3.5

Mental ion homeostasis

CTR1, SRO77, VMA3, IZH4, TIS11

2–3.1

ER-associated trafficking

DFM1, GET3, CWH41

2–2.8

Sterol synthesis

HES1, ERG4, ERG20, UPC2

2–2.8

Down-regulated genes

Biosynthesis of pyrimidines

URA1, URA2

5.4–5.6

URA4

2.56

Transcription regulators

GCN4, RRN7, SMP1, YAP5, SAS2, RBA50, RRN6, IME1

2–2.7

Helicase activity

RRP3, YRF1-3, YRF1-6, YRF1-2, YRF1-7, YRF1-8, YIL177C, YHR219 W, YML133C

2–2.5

DNA repair

MSH1, HOP2, MUS81

2–2.3

Ribosome assembly and function

RPS9B, RPF2, NSA3, YTM1, NOP6, NOP14, DRS1

2–3

Sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression

DAL3, DUR1,2

3.8–4

DUR3, DAL2

2–3