Fig. 1
Major steps of lignin bioconversion from lignocellulosic biomass. Step 1, lignin fractionation; Step 2, lignin depolymerization by enzymes; Step 3, aromatic ring biodegradation in Rhodococcus opacus; Step 4, lipid synthesis in Rhodococcus opacus. P3, 4O is protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase; C1, 2O is catechol 1,2-dioxygenase; CMLE is β-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme; MLE is cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme; CMD is γ-carboxy-muconolactone decarboxylase; MI is muconolactone isomerase; ELH is β-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase; TR is β-ketoadipate succinyl-CoA transferase; TH is β-ketoadipyl-CoA thiolase [7, 25, 47]