Table 3 Comparison of different HC biomass pretreatment methods
S. no. | Parameters | Hilares et al. [30] | Hilares et al. [18] | Kim et al. [19] | Present study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Biomass | Sugarcane bagasse | Sugarcane bagasse | Reed | Corncob |
2 | Feedstock size | 4.7 mm | 1.18 - 1.70 mm | 10 mm | ≤ 212 µm |
3 | Type of plate | Orifice | Orifice | Orifice | Orifice |
4 | Number of holes | 16 (\(\emptyset\) = 1 mm) | 27 (\(\emptyset\) = 1 mm) | 27 (\(\emptyset\) = 1 mm) | 9 (\(\emptyset\) = 2 mm) |
5 | Operating temperature,  °C | 70 | 64 | 77 | 30 |
6 | Inlet pressure, kPa | 300 | 300 | 500 | 50 |
7 | Reaction time, min. | 30 | 44.48 | 41.1 | 60 |
8 | Biomass loading, % | – | 4.27 | 11.8 | 5.0 |
9 | Catalyst | 0.3 M NaOH | 0.48 M NaOH | 3.0% NaOH | Laccase enzyme: 6.5 U g−1 of biomass |
10 | Liquid volume, ml | 2500 | 2500 | 150 | 4000 |
11 | Biomass placement | Cavitation zone (Cylindrical wire cloth: 18 mesh) | Cavitation zone (Cylindrical wire cloth: 18 mesh) | Cavitation zone (woven wire cloth: 40 mesh) | Mixed with acetate buffer and circulated in a closed loop |
12 | Lignin removal,  % | 51.52 | 60.4 | 35–42 | 47.44 |
13 | Cavitational yield, g J−1 | – | – | – | 3.56 × 10−5 |
15 | Energy consumption, MJ kg−1 | – | – | 3.65 | 1.35 |