Table 4 Elemental composition and functional groups based on the C1s peaks by XPS analysis
Samples | Element composition (%) | Surface chemical groups (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Na | S/CL | O/C ratio | C–C/C–H (284.6, e V) | C–O (286.6, e V) | O–C=O (289, e V) | |
AL | 78.14 | 21.86 | / | / | 0.28 | 56.57 | 39.65 | 3.78 |
SL | 61.75 | 26.62 | 7.17 | 4.46 (S) | 0.43 | 38.29 | 7.29 | 2.45 |
OL | 74.27 | 25.73 | / | / | 0.35 | 52.58 | 39.84 | 7.58 |
CL | 69.05 | 26.06 | 3.09 | 1.83 (CL) | 0.38 | 54.90 | 33.13 | 11.98 |