Fig. 1
K. marxianus evolution in 6% (v/v) ethanol. a Daily OD600 value of K. marxianus population during evolution. Cells were every day transferred and subcultured into a fresh medium containing 6% (v/v) ethanol, with the same initial OD600 of 0.6. Then after incubation at 30 °C in an orbital shaker for 24 h, OD600 was measured to record cell growth. b Spotted dilution analysis for ethanol tolerance between pre- and post-evolution. KM and KM-100d cells were inoculated on liquid medium with ethanol at one of the gradient concentrations: 0, 1, 2,…, 11% (v/v), respectively, and incubated at 30 °C for 3 days. A cell suspension of 10 OD600 from the liquid medium was 5-fold serially diluted and spotted onto a YPD plate and cultured at 30 °C for 2 days. c Growth profiles of KM and KM-100d at different ethanol concentrations. The red curve is for KM-100d, and the black one is for KM. During growth profile measurement, KM and KM-100d were both carried out in biological triplicate