Fig. 4

a The pressures at 26 axial locations (0.65 m ≤ z ≤ 1.15 m) in H0 and H20 along the flow direction (z -axis), b streamlines at 11 axial locations (0.65 m ≤ z ≤ 0.85 m) in H20; the last subfigure shows the pressure at the axial location of z = 0.85 m for a clear view, c light field calculated from the Cornet model at an incident light intensity, I₀, of 2400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, where the white lines represent the L/D boundaries for I₀ = 375, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ from top to bottom