Fig. 1

Schematic of the process flow for transcriptome and physiological response analyses of yeast cells engineered for enhanced lipid production. Heavily engineered yeast cells with high lipid content but lower cell growth and viability were first analysed by RNA-seq to identify the key DEG and pathway regulation, which were correlated with the physiological parameters of CMI, ROS, and Δψm, characterized by flow cytometry to determine future metabolic engineering targets. Oxidative stress mitigation was attempted by addition of antioxidants or cell-membrane modification. DEG, differentially expressed genes; CMI, cell-membrane integrity; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Δψm, mitochondrial membrane potential